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Assessing Credit Guarantee Schemes for SME, Finance in Africa - Evidence from Ghana, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania
Angela Hansen, Ciku Kimeria, Bilha Ndirangu, Nadia Oshry and JasonWendle, Dalberg Global Development Advisors
Contact: Cécile Valadier, Research Department, AFD
The purpose of this study, focused on Ghana, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania, is to contribute directly to the efforts of practitioners so that they can more effectively leverage SME financing, through better-functioning credit guarantee schemes, where appropriate. Our primary audience includes development and public organizations engaged in supporting SME access to finance,as well as banks and SME representatives looking to understand the nature of such efforts and the implications for their business.
Access to Electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Feedback and Innovative Approaches
Anjali Shanker (IED), with contributions from Patrick Clément (Axenne), Daniel Tapin and Martin Buchsenschutz (Nodalis Conseil).
Contact: Valérie Reboud, Technical and Operational Department, Environment and Equipment Division.
This study has been conducted with the aim of developing new approaches and a methodological capitalization on the topic of access for all to electricity services in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The first section is devoted to an analysis of the challenges: the low access rate in this region must be put into perspective with the need to design the equipment and spatial planning, taking account of the dynamics of economic and social development, as well as the impacts of the sectoral programs and reforms that have been conducted in the past.
The second section focuses on operational proposals based on a review of the different technical options for production – particularly in terms of renewable energies – the recent development of which certainly offers strong potential, but also poses difficulties.
The many facets of the key challenge posed by distribution are also addressed. The third section concerns financial challenges: there is the need to mobilize domestic financing, which reflects a strong political commitment; to make the best possible use of the scarce grant resources available, which is a major challenge. A detailed analysis of the perception of project risks and of the quality of the initiators sheds light on the possible directions for high-impact financial engineering.
La diversification des exportations en zone franc : degré, sophistication et dynamique
Document in French
Un certain nombre de travaux récents ont conclu que la diversification des exportations était liée de façon similaire au revenu par habitant : cette première s’accroît à mesure que ce dernier augmente, au moins jusqu’à un certain niveau de revenu. Ce type d’approche n’épuise cependant pas l’analyse du phénomène de diversification des exportations. Elle ne permet notamment pas d’examiner la transformation de la structure exportatrice dans les court et moyen termes, des éléments qui permettent pourtant d’identifier plus clairement les facteurs de blocage de la diversification. Ce sont ces aspects de la diversification des exportations qui font précisément l’objet de cette étude.
AFD conducts its first urban heating project
On 29 March, the Beijing agency celebrated the completion of its first cogeneration based urban heating project in Jinzhong (Shanxi Province in northern China). Through this project, which both improves heating performance and reduces polluting emissions, AFD has enabled a Sino-French partnership to come into being.
Improving energy performance and reducing polluting emissions
An energy management center, the first of its kind in China, has been set up to optimize the energy performance of the network based on the needs of the final consumers.
Substantial energy savings have already been made (10-15%) making the investment profitable in just one heating season. Three other urban heating projects are currently being implemented in Taiyuan (provincial capital of Shanxi), Tianjin and Jinan (provincial capital of Shandong).
Photo of a skid for the heating network financed by AFD in Jinzhong. A skid is a compact and innovative heat exchanger unit. It is unmanned during the winter heating period as it is automatically regulated by a remote control center.
The aim of these operations is to replace inefficient small boilers or old networks with new energy-efficient collective networks, which both improves heating performance and reduces polluting emissions. The adoption of innovative technologies will also reduce energy and water consumption, as well as the floor space taken up in facilities.
Substantial energy losses
In the Northern part of China, 40% of energy consumed in the building and service sector corresponds to heating (2005, World Energy Outlook). This is partly due to the inefficiency of heating methods (low power individual boilers and substantial losses on the dilapidated networks).
The Government is therefore actively promoting collective and centralized urban heating, as well as the use of cogeneration power plants, as a heat source. Coal accounts for 70% of China’s primary balance and is the country’s main source of urban heating production, particularly in Shanxi Province, a major coal producing region.
Purpose and objectives of urban heating projects in China
- Decouple urban growth from greenhouse gas emissions in Shanxi Province and contribute to the Franco-Chinese bilateral climate and sustainable urban development agreements.
- Promote reflection on the sectoral reform in order to foster technological innovations and effective network management.
Content of projects
In Jinzhong:
- Decommissioning of 677 small boilers and 8 district boilers.
- Construction of the first phase of a heating network equipped with heat exchanger units (substations) and supplied by a newly-built cogeneration power plant. The project aims to serve an area of 10 million m2.
In Taiyuan:
- Decommissioning of 254 small boilers.
- Construction of three levels of urban heating networks: a primary network (10 km from the power plant to a pressure isolation plant), a secondary network (44 km between this isolation plant and 75 substations) and part of the tertiary network (from these substations to users). This network will be supplied by a cogeneration power plant and will serve an area of 11 million m2. The heating network is expected to operate at 50% of its capacity in 2012 and to be completed in 2013.
In Jinan:
- Replacement of steam networks (energy losses in the region of 30%) by water networks (losses in the region of 5%);
- Water pipe insulation with direct burial;
- Installation of an automated control center combined with an energy management center.
In Tianjin:
- Replacement of inefficient boilers by a large boiler plant with a yield of roughly 85%;
- Construction of compact and automated heat exchanger units, including the most efficient equipment available;
- Water pipe insulation with direct burial;
- Installation of an automated control center combined with an energy management center.
Technical assistance
In addition to the AFD loan earmarked to purchase equipment, the technical assistance provided under the projects has supported the creation of an energy management center in Jinzhong, which regulates the supply of heat on the basis of effective final consumer demand and optimizes energy and water consumption thanks to intelligent network management. In Taiyuan, the technical assistance has helped improve the project design in order to increase energy efficiency on the network.
Main expected impacts
The replacement of small boilers in Shanxi Province (in Taiyuan and Jinzhong) is expected to annually avoid 400,000 teq CO2 of emissions for each project during the lifespan of the networks, i.e. 25 to 30 years, and to substantially reduce polluting emissions (3,440 tons of SO2 and 6,150 tons of soot).
These projects therefore have a positive impact on public health and make living conditions more comfortable for the local community. Their pioneering nature has raised the awareness of other sector stakeholders, such as the World Bank and Asian Development Bank, who made a field visit to observe the performance of the solutions adopted in order to replicate them in China.
In Jinan and Tianjin, the main impacts of the program stem from the energy efficiency gains due to the construction of efficient heating networks and the replacement of old obsolete boilers, leading to substantial fuel savings. The reduction of CO2 emissions is estimated at 135,000 tons a year. In addition, the construction of a large boiler plant, equipped with pollution control systems for gaseous discharges, should lead to a reduction of 1,170 tons of SO2 emissions and 3,600 tons of soot.
"Loan provided by AFD". Signing ceremony for the loan allocated by AFD for the urban heating project in Jinzhong
Through this project, AFD has enabled a Sino-French partnership to come into being, involving the French companies Schneider Electric and Salmson.
Interventionnisme public et handicaps de compétitivité : analyse du cas polynésien
Florent Venayre, Maître de conférences en sciences économiques, université de la Polynésie française et LAMETA, université de Montpellier
Contact : Cécile Valadier, département de la Recherche, AFD
Les petites économies insulaires connaissent des difficultés structurelles de compétitivité liées à leurs caractéristiques propres. Pour tenter de lutter contre ces handicaps, les autorités politiques de ces territoires ont eu recours à des politiques économiques actives qui peuvent se répertorier en trois catégories : aides aux investissements, protection des productions locales et intervention directe dans la production des biens et services.
Pour autant, les résultats de ces interventions, en termes d’amélioration de la compétitivité des économies ultramarines, paraissent très mitigés. En revanche, le développement marqué de cet interventionnisme a conduit à construire et/ou renforcer des systèmes économiques générateurs d’effets pervers nombreux sur la concurrence et la contestabilité des positions de marché, le niveau général des prix et la considération de l’intérêt général au détriment d’intérêts sectoriels, privés ou individuels.
Une compagnie pétrolière chinoise face à l'enjeu environnemental au Tchad
This book analyses the factors that influence environmental management in the CNPC when operating outside of China, in the outer margins of the world oil system, specifically in Chad, a Least Developed Country. Within a sector marked by the regulations inherited from the Exxon project in Doba (implemented since 2000 with initial World Bank support), the 2007 CNPC Rônier project aims at refining part of the extracted oil and exporting the remainder, most probably through the pipeline built under the Exxon Doba project. The question of the compatibility between the systems of reference and practices in both firms thus arises.
Through the prism of social and environmental responsibility, this text analyses the challenges in the interaction between Chinese oil firms, host countries and OECD-based firms.
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