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New publications of the Research Department of AFD
Assessing Credit Guarantee Schemes for SME, Finance in Africa - Evidence from Ghana, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania
Angela Hansen, Ciku Kimeria, Bilha Ndirangu, Nadia Oshry and JasonWendle, Dalberg Global Development Advisors
Contact: Cécile Valadier, Research Department, AFD
The purpose of this study, focused on Ghana, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania, is to contribute directly to the efforts of practitioners so that they can more effectively leverage SME financing, through better-functioning credit guarantee schemes, where appropriate. Our primary audience includes development and public organizations engaged in supporting SME access to finance,as well as banks and SME representatives looking to understand the nature of such efforts and the implications for their business.
The economic situation of the main raw material markets in Q1 2012 (Produitdoc n° 156)
Ce bulletin, qui informe sur la conjoncture des marchés de matières premières, est organisé sous forme de fiches produits : café, cacao, riz, sucre, oléagineux, coton, caoutchouc, pétrole, or, aluminium, cuivre et nickel.
En dépit d’une baisse au 4e trimestre 2011, les prix des matières premières ont plutôt augmenté sur l’ensemble de l’année, notamment le pétrole et les métaux précieux. L’activité des pays émergents soutient le marché des matières premières, alors que les grands pays industriels sont confrontés à d’importantes difficultés économiques.
Durant le 1er trimestre 2012, les matières premières ont connu un regain d’intérêts. 2012 pourrait ressembler à 2011 selon les spécialistes des marchés. Les cours demeureraient volatiles, non seulement en raison du climat économique, mais aussi des tensions politiques dans certaines régions du monde.
Après un début d’année prometteur, les cours des métaux ont connu une fin de mois de mars difficile. Côté produits agricoles, le coton n’a toujours pas réussi à inverser la tendance. Seules une réduction des surfaces cultivées aux Etats-Unis et une reconstitution des stocks en Chine pourraient « booster » le marché.
Access to Electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Feedback and Innovative Approaches
Anjali Shanker (IED), with contributions from Patrick Clément (Axenne), Daniel Tapin and Martin Buchsenschutz (Nodalis Conseil).
Contact: Valérie Reboud, Technical and Operational Department, Environment and Equipment Division.
This study has been conducted with the aim of developing new approaches and a methodological capitalization on the topic of access for all to electricity services in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The first section is devoted to an analysis of the challenges: the low access rate in this region must be put into perspective with the need to design the equipment and spatial planning, taking account of the dynamics of economic and social development, as well as the impacts of the sectoral programs and reforms that have been conducted in the past.
The second section focuses on operational proposals based on a review of the different technical options for production – particularly in terms of renewable energies – the recent development of which certainly offers strong potential, but also poses difficulties.
The many facets of the key challenge posed by distribution are also addressed. The third section concerns financial challenges: there is the need to mobilize domestic financing, which reflects a strong political commitment; to make the best possible use of the scarce grant resources available, which is a major challenge. A detailed analysis of the perception of project risks and of the quality of the initiators sheds light on the possible directions for high-impact financial engineering.
La diversification des exportations en zone franc : degré, sophistication et dynamique
Document in French
Un certain nombre de travaux récents ont conclu que la diversification des exportations était liée de façon similaire au revenu par habitant : cette première s’accroît à mesure que ce dernier augmente, au moins jusqu’à un certain niveau de revenu. Ce type d’approche n’épuise cependant pas l’analyse du phénomène de diversification des exportations. Elle ne permet notamment pas d’examiner la transformation de la structure exportatrice dans les court et moyen termes, des éléments qui permettent pourtant d’identifier plus clairement les facteurs de blocage de la diversification. Ce sont ces aspects de la diversification des exportations qui font précisément l’objet de cette étude.
La crise de 2009 en Guadeloupe : le rôle des statistiques dans le dialogue social
The social movement that occured in Guadeloupe in 2009, led by Liyannaj Kont’ Pwofitasyon (LKP), led to a 44-day long strike. The main claim was an increase of the purchasing power. LKP's demands aimed at a decrease of the prices, as well as an increase of salaries and more transparency on prices formation. Several enconomical and statistical analyses were thus launched to better understand prices formation and the differences existing with those in Metropolitan France.
What role(s) did these technical studies play in the social dialogue and negociations between the social and political players since 2009? How did an answer to the crisis emerge around these "expert" approaches? Such are the questions to which this study tries to bring some answers.
A Savoir 12 | Contract Farming in Developing Countries - A Review
Martin PROWSE, Institute of Development Policy and Management, University of Antwerp
Contact AFD: Marie-Cécile THIRION, Research Department, AFD
This review tries, through the analysis of academic, institutional and technical literature and through the study of some documented contract farming cases, to give some answers to the most frequently raised questions concerning contract farming practices: Are smallholders excluded from contract farming? Do contract participants display significantly higher incomes than nonparticipants? Are some crops more concerned by this practice than others and if so, which ones? What are the roles of producer organisations and NGOs?...
This study aims at offering some general suggestions that farmers or their representatives could bear in mind when entering into contract-farming arrangements. It also presents contractual, technological, financial, institutional, political and legal types of innovation that have helped to overcome the challenges that can undermine contract-farming operations.
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