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提高能效并降低污染物排放
 

        该项目引入了能源管理中心这一创新节能技术，可根据终端用户的需求优化管网能效，在中国尚属首例。该能源管理中心的建成可降低管网综合能耗10%-15%，从而实现一个供暖季内即收回投资成本的目标。

        与此同时，由法国开发署提供贷款的其他三个城市供暖项目（太原，天津和济南）也正在有条不紊的实施过程中。
 

上图为法国开发署晋中供暖项目中开发的无人值守小型全自动化箱式机组换热站，在冬季取暖期期间通过远程自控中心实现无人操作，自动调节运行


        晋中项目采用新的集中高效供热管网代替小锅炉以及低效旧管网，以此来提高供暖效果，并降低污染物的排放。该项目所采用的诸多创新技术在降低管网能耗、用水量以及土地占用等方面取得了卓有成效的结果。

 

中国供暖行业面临的巨大节能空间      

        根据国际能源署报告《世界能源展望2005》估计，中国北方地区采暖能耗占建筑与服务领域总能耗的40%。这一现状很大程度上归咎于低效的采暖方式，例如低效率小锅炉房的使用以及管网老化导致的跑冒滴漏。

        中国政府积极鼓励以包括大型热电联产在内的集中供暖方式作为城市供暖的主要热源。在中国能源消费结构中，煤炭达到了70%。在煤炭大省山西，冬季为采暖所消耗的燃煤更是地区污染物的主要排放源。实施集中供暖项目，节能减排意义重大。

法国开发署在集中供暖领域的目标

1. 减缓山西省城市能耗的增长，温室气体的排放并促进中法在气候与城市可持续发展领域的合作伙伴关系。
2. 推动部门机构改革以促进技术创新和管网高效管理。

法国开发署集中供热领域的项目介绍

晋中项目：

• 取缔677座小锅炉房以及8座区域锅炉房。
• 建设供热一级管网和换热站，由新建成的国电榆次热电联产电厂提供热源。该项目供暖面积1000万平方米。

太原项目：

• 取缔254座小锅炉房。
• 建设三级城市供暖管网：一级管网（10公里-从热电厂到隔压站）、二级管网（44公里-从隔压站到75座换热站）以及部分三级管网（换热站到终端用户）。该管网由瑞光热电联产电厂提供热源，供热面积1100万平方米。预计2012年可实现一半左右的供热面积，其余部分2013年完成。

济南项目：

• 用热水管网（热损为5%以下）代替蒸汽管网（热损30%以上）。
• 通过直埋方式进行保温管道的敷设。
• 建设含能源管理中心在内的自动控制中心。

天津项目：

• 用大型锅炉房为热源的集中管网取代分散型低效小锅炉房。
• 建设换热站并安装高效率的节能设备。
• 通过直埋方式进行保温管道的敷设。

建设含能源管理中心在内的自动控制中心。

技术援助

        除提供用于设备采购的贷款之外，法国开发署还为晋中项目提供了技术援助，用于协助晋中能源管理中心的建设。该能源管理中心可根据终端用户实际需要来调节热量供给，并通过智能软件管理优化管网热耗，电耗和水耗。法国开发署也对太原市项目提供了技术援助，用于优化项目设计，提高管网的能效。

项目减排效果预期

        太原和晋中两个项目的实施，通过大型集中管网取代分散型小锅炉房，预计可在项目生命周期内（25-30年）实现每年40万吨二氧化碳的减排量，以及大量地区性污染物的减排（3440吨二氧化硫和6150吨粉尘）。

        这两个项目可有效改善当地民众的公共健康，提高生活舒适度。其他国际贷款机构如世界银行、亚洲发展银行等也曾多次派国内合作伙伴到现场参观并了解晋中项目采用的创新节能技术。法国开发署正积极致力于将晋中项目的成功运作模式推广复制到中国其他地区。

        济南和天津两个项目的成果主要在于提高管网能效。通过大型高效热网的建设和老旧锅炉房的取缔，可节省大量燃煤。二氧化碳减排量可达每年13.5万吨，二氧化硫减排1170吨，粉尘减排3600吨。
 

上图为“法国开发署贷款”- 晋中市集中供热一期项目落成仪式

        在晋中项目实施过程中，瑞阳供热公司与法国施耐德电气和萨姆逊公司携手，在项目中成功建立了中法节能合作的典范。
 

What is the aim of AFD’s presence in China?
Our main aim is to support China’s transition towards an economy that saves natural resources and emits less greenhouse gas.
Since the Beijing agency opened in 2004, we have financed 17 projects that contribute to the fight against climate change and to sustainable development.
This is the main area for Franco-Chinese cooperation that was defined when President Sarkozy visited China in November 2007 and was subsequently set out in several agreements signed between the French Ministry of Ecology and its Chinese partners.
Through the projects we finance, our aim is also to promote the emergence of Franco-Chinese partnerships that highlight French expertise and stakeholders in the green sector.
Finally, we give priority to innovative operations that bring about change and use techniques and good practices that can subsequently be reproduced, not only in China, but in other countries facing similar challenges.


Can you give us a few examples of the projects that AFD supports in China?
Our cooperation for the “rural carbon” project aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in rural areas through carbon finance. It specifically involves projects to build biodigesters and a reforestation program in two of China’s poorest provinces, Yunnan and Sichuan.
This program has developed a methodology for bamboo replanting and for methane recovery using individual biodigesters.
One of our main common objectives is to capitalize on the experience and know-how acquired in order to study the potential of reproducing this initiative in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The project to rebuild post-earthquake Sichuan is a particularly emblematic operation. This program comes in the aftermath of the devastating earthquake measuring 8 on the Richter scale which struck China in 2008. AFD has supported the efforts made by Sichuan Province, the worst affected by the earthquake, by providing a USD200 million loan to help finance the reconstruction works, alongside the World Bank, Asian Development Bank and European Investment Bank.
Our program comprised two main components: a “biogas” component, which has now reached completion, has installed roughly 100,000 biodigester units in rural areas, with PVC covers being used for a large-scale program for the first time.
This new technique makes big improvements to biodigester efficiency and also extends their lifespan. These facilities provide families with enough gas to prepare their daily meals.
AFD’s financing has also served to rebuild basic infrastructure – water, sanitation, waste treatment, roads and bridges – and to make a practical construction guide for villagers affected by the earthquake. The guide contains energy efficiency and seismic resistance measures and was designed under a Franco-Chinese partnership between a French architecture firm and the Chinese design institute, Xinan.

Another flagship project is our cooperation for sustainable rural development, which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through carbon finance. In addition to the biodigesters, a reforestation program is being conducted in two of China’s poorest provinces, Yunnan and Sichuan. This operation is supported by the French Global Environment Facility (French GEF) and is being implemented with the official agency in charge of China’s Agenda 21 (ACCA21), which reports to the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology. It has developed a methodology for bamboo replanting and methane recovery from individual biodigesters.
One of our main objectives with ACCA21 is to capitalize on the experience and know-how acquired under this initiative in order to study its potential of being reproduced in other developing countries, Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.
AFD also conducts cooperation activities in the sustainable urban development sector. China’s efforts in this sector will be decisive for the future of the climate. Indeed, the number of new urban dwellers in China over the next 25 years is estimated at between 200 and 300 million. And yet there is currently no model for low-carbon cities. The construction of cities at such a pace and on such a scale has never been seen before in the history of mankind. AFD is participating in this process by financing a pilot program for thermal upgrading in public buildings in the metropolis of Wuhan in central China.
This project will save energy and reduce CO2 emissions in 30 public buildings and is in line with an innovative approach in China based on the energy performance contract. The principle is as follows: by reducing the energy bill, the project beneficiary will be able to repay the AFD loan. This type of mechanism can then be reproduced in other neighborhoods and other cities where there are also major needs for renovation.


What would be your assessment of these projects and what are the prospects for AFD in China?
In a relatively short period of time, we have managed to build a quality partnership with China, both at the central level with our partners in the ministries and at the local level with the provinces and municipalities where we operate.
Our activities have highlighted French know-how and expertise, which are highly appreciated. This constructive dialogue on concrete and innovative projects has helped establish a relationship of trust with China.
It promotes the adoption in the field of technical practices and solutions that aim to reduce its energy consumption, control its urban expansion and preserve its natural resources and its biodiversity. Helping China to meet its environmental challenges and move on to a low-carbon growth path contributes to preserving global balance.
Finally, China is currently a real high-speed laboratory in the fight against climate change and in sustainable development. By supporting it in this process, we can design new clean development models from which we can learn lessons. This helps to guide our international cooperation in other geographical areas.
 

此次法国开发署的贷款将应用于在山西省省会太原的城市供暖网络的建设。

法国开发署推出的和商业银行合作的绿色中间信贷不仅仅为中国商业银行开展节能减排项目提供资金支持，更旨在为它们提供强有力的能力建设和技术支持，以鼓励他们在该领域更持久地发展业务。

四十多位来自中国、东南亚（世界粮农组织印度-柬埔寨、越南、菲律宾，大自然保护协会及国际竹子协会）及法国（企业、科技研究及交流组织GRET，及非政府组织）的专家参与了此次研讨会。法国开发署在全球各地的代表处网络发挥了重要的组织协调工作。

此次研讨会有三个目标：

一）        对于在森林/气候政策方面确定竹子的重要性和地位进行区域协商；

二）        对于在固碳方面所进行的科学工作的一个总结；

三）        探讨关于碳市场的发展的主要挑战

法国开发署/法国全球环境基金的目标是与中国政府一起，制定一个可用于碳市场、以及包括非洲在内的其他国家的关于竹林固碳的工作方法。

法中双方这一合作是目前中国关于竹林固碳的操作方法的最大的一次行动，并由此产生了中国新的自愿市场上第一笔碳信用交易（在2011年6月世界银行关于碳金融的报告中被引用）。