Research

In the race against time to meet the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, attention is turning to the more than 500 public development banks worldwide. Their involvement is becoming increasingly urgent, and they will be meeting at the fourth annual Finance in Common Summit (FiCS) in Cartagena...

The French Development Agency (AFD), along with Le Mans University, the Gevalor Association, Urbananalyse, and ALBWaste, conducted the ORVA2D (Organisation for Waste Recycling in Developing Cities) research program, aimed at developing a better understanding of the economic pattern of waste...

Worldwide, an estimated 400 to 500 million Indigenous people occupy 20% of the earth’s territory. Yet unsustainable development has caused not only the displacement of countless people, but also the destruction of much of the biodiversity on which they - and the world - depend. With Indigenous...

The “Terrindigena” Project will provide support for 18 indigenous communities in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador, to improve their living conditions and protect 17 million hectares of Amazonian forest.

Colombia has a relatively low level of greenhouse gas emissions, but is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. This second climate loan aims to encourage Colombia to continue its efforts and its commitment to the fight against climate change.

Colombia has abundant but poorly distributed water resources. The lack of availability of these resources near cities is exacerbated by their poor quality, leading to serious tension which creates conflicts between water users. AFD is consequently supporting the Colombian Government’s integrated...

Based in Bogota, the Andes Regional Division covers four countries in the region: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

This paper exposes the measures extended to informal workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study analyzes two South-American countries which have a high percentage of informality, Colombia and Brazil. We study the implications of the expansion of the social assistance programs of these two...

The aim of the project is to strengthen the resilience of the Caribbean financial systems to climate change and to gender inequality. This project includes an AFD loan to the Caribbean Development Bank, as well as a grant from the European Union to three Caribbean central banks (Jamaica,...

AFD has been developing two macroeconomic modelling tools – the GEMMES and...

This paper aims to understand the long-term consequences for the Colombian economy of a global low-carbon transition. The paper proposes an empirical Stock-Flow Consistent model for Colombia, encompassing relevant dynamics for the economy: details regarding the trade balance such as fossil fuel...

While forest ecosystems provide invaluable services to water users, conservation efforts have fallen short of needs. Spending on nature is negligible compared to the $800bn invested annually by the water sector.To bridge the conservation funding gap, one solution could be the monetization of...

The evaluations carried out in 2017 and 2018 show that policy-based loans are an ambitious and potentially powerful tool that enables AFD to foreground its strengths. However, AFD needs to improve its appraisal and implementation modalities to guarantee the quality of its support.

The Inequality Research Facility, a program funded by the European Union and coordinated by AFD, aims to better understand economic and social inequalities in low- and middle-income countries in order to develop more targeted public policies. After a highly productive first phase in some 30...