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The effects of climate change, which are particularly noticeable in countries around the Mediterranean and in the Middle East, are exacerbating water stress in these regions. Faced with increasing water demand and competing uses, the reuse of treated wastewater appears to be a promising strategy...

Both a protean, multicultural region, but also a space of transitions and mobility, North Africa faces major challenges: accelerated urbanization (two-thirds of the population in North Africa lives in...

Mtazamo wa uhamiaji na maendeleo ya mijini lazima upanuliwe. Mijadala kuhusu uhamiaji na maendeleo ya mijini kwa kiasi fulani imekuwa ya kupunguza na potofu. Lengo kubwa limekuwa katika majiji makubwa (mara nyingi tu miji mikuu) na wahamiaji wa vijijini hadi mijini pekee. Hii inaacha changamoto...

Webinar : AFD & WBG Migrants, Markets & Mayors: Rising above Employment Challenge on Africa's Secondary Cities Research on migration and urban development in Africa has primarily focused on larger cities and rural-to-urban migration. However, 97% of Africa’s...

Research on migration and urban development in Africa has primarily focused on larger cities and rural-to-urban migration. However, 97 percent of Africa’s urban centers have fewer than 300,000 inhabitants, and a sizable share of urban migrants come from other urban areas. A more holistic and...

First mentioned in 1991, Loss and Damage (L&D) has become the third pillar of the climate negotiations within a few years. In the absence of an agreed UNFCCC definition, a number of competing framings of L&D have emerged over the course of the negotiations. Nevertheless, elements of...

The presence of patriarchal social norms and traditional gender roles is a potential explanation for persistent inequalities in labor market opportunities for women in the MENA region. We investigate this nexus with evidence from a survey experiment conducted among youth residing in...

Irrigated agriculture can help address challenges of food security and sovereignty, develop regions and farms, improve trade balance, and contribute to climate change adaptation. An irrigated area is a complex system in which the social, cultural, technical, economic, and environmental aspects...

Since the last edition of our publication MacroDev Semestrial in February 2023, international economic developments have remained eventful and intense, against the backdrop of the continued global geopolitical reconfiguration. They are not without consequences for emerging and developing...

Microcredit is a key tool in Tunisia for promoting the financial and economic inclusion of the most disadvantaged people, in both urban and rural areas. AFD Group has been working since 2011 to support the Tunisian government’s...

Using an empirical, multi-sectoral, open economy, Stock-Flow Consistent model, this paper assesses the long-term consequences of a sustained climate-induced decline in agricultural production for the Tunisian economy. Focus is placed on agricultural and processed food production and the feedback...

Tunisia is undergoing rapid urbanization, which is creating challenges for its population. The growth of informal settlements raises the issue of access to basic services and amenities. In order to address this issue, the Tunisian government has initiated since 2012 the first and second...

The Historic Center Regeneration Programme (PRCA) is part of the Tunisian national policy for urban regeneration. It aims to upgrade the historical and traditional districts, which tend to deteriorate. It is mainly Berber urban architectural districts and colonial districts. This program also...

The Union for the Mediterranean, the European Union, Agence Française de Développement and the European Investment Bank have joined forces to build a successful transition towards sustainable Mediterranean cities. The Urban Projects Finance Initiative (UPFI) supported public project...

AFD has been developing two macroeconomic modelling tools – the GEMMES and...

At the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, the self-reported mental well-being of women in certain Middle East and North African (MENA) countries was significantly worse compared to that of men. New analysis has found that certain household and employment-related factors, such as food insecurity and...

The present study aims to analyze the populations’ behavior toward COVID-19 safety measures in each of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. In this direction, a particular focus is put on which safety measures are observed and which category of people is most likely to observe them. To answer these...

A total of 52 million people in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) were chronically undernourished in 2019. About eight million more were expected to fall into poverty and be food insecure in the Arab region by the end of 2021 owing to COVID-19. This study estimates if and to what extent...

This policy brief assesses the COVID-19 safety measures use practices of some MENA populations, namely: Algerian, Moroccan and Tunisian populations. To this end, three waves of data provided by rapid phone survey (household data) of ERF COVID -19 MENA Monitor, and Computer-Assisted Personal...

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represent an important socioeconomic pillar that contributes to overall economic activity in many developing countries. The Covid-19 pandemic that emerged in the early months of 2020 is both a health and an economic crisis with dire consequences for...