Publications and media
Aligning International Education Financing: What Have We Learned over the Past Twenty Years?
Twenty years after the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, to what extent are international education financing flows truly aligned with national systems? Drawing on a retrospective study conducte...
Energy transition: 2025 Activity report
In 2025, AFD Group’s energy sector financing reached a record high, with €2.8 billion in commitments, representing over 20% of its total activity. This unprecedented performance over the last five yea...
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How is Ethiopia transforming its electricity and digital networks?
The RISED project (Renewable, Integrated, Sustainable Energy & Digitalisation) supports Ethiopia’s electricity-sector transformation through four pillars: grid modernisation and rehabilitation, digita...
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How Can Public Development Banks Support the Energy Transition of Territories?
Energy policies designed at the national level produce different effects across territories and often prove insufficiently adapted to the diversity of local socioeconomic and environmental contexts. E...
Climate and Nature Economic Policy Scenarios (CNEPS) for Ministries of Finance, Public Development Banks, and...
This policy paper examines the growing role that Ministries of Finance, public development banks, and financial authorities must play in implementing the post-COP30 agenda. As climate risks intensify,...
Renovating public buildings to accelerate the energy transition in Moldova
In the Republic of Moldova, the INSPIREE project supports the country’s energy transition by improving the energy efficiency of public buildings. Implemented as part of the cooperation between AFD and...
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Powering South Africa's Just Energy Transition
For decades, coal has powered South Africa’s economy, industries, and cities. Today, the system faces major challenges: aging plants, frequent power cuts, and rising social and economic needs. As Afri...
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Eastern Africa - 10 Flagship Projects in the Energy Sector
A committed partner in Eastern Africa for nearly 40 years, AFD Group supports countries across the region in developing sustainable energy systems. Over the past two decades, AFD Group has invested mo...
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North Africa - Flagship projects in the energy sector - French development Agency
The energy transition of North African countries aims to promote the electrification of uses, decarbonize electricity mixes, while ensuring the utilization of energy efficiency potential. At this stag...
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Africa - 10 flagship energy access project
Access to reliable, sustainable, and affordable electricity is a key driver of economic and social development. Despite significant progress in recent years, universal access to electricity across the...
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Who controls critical minerals?
Lithium, cobalt, rare earths… All these minerals, essential to the energy transition, are at the heart of new geopolitical tensions. Their production is concentrated, demand is surging, and the questi...
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Evaluation of AFD’s Sunref Program and Transformational Credit Line to Industrial Development Corporation (IDC...
AFD supported three consecutive projects implemented by the IDC in South Africa between 2012 and 2024, aiming to strengthen IDC’s contribution to reducing the country’s carbon footprint and energy int...
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Colombia: A tool to facilitate dialogue on the energy transition
In a country heavily dependent on fossil fuels and committed to an ambitious energy transition, how can policymakers, regulators, financial actors, and civil society collectively explore the trade-off...
Inequality and Climate Change Measuring Interlinkages to Inform Equitable Climate Policy
The interlinkages between climate change and socioeconomic inequality are increasingly acknowledged, yet analytical frameworks and empirical tools that jointly address these dimensions remain limited....
Research Conversations replay: Who controls critical minerals in a fragmented world, and what is left for deve...
This webinar is part of the conference series 'Research Conversations'.
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West Africa - 10 key projects in the energy sector
In West Africa, 46% of the population lacks access to electricity. Access to energy remains a major challenge in the region, which is experiencing significant population growth, urbanization, and indu...
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Critical Mining Asset Control and Geoeconomic Fragmentation: What Is Left for Developing Countries?
The green economy offers major development potential through climate-focused goods, but access to critical minerals is essential. Developing countries are often limited to supplying raw materials and...
Research Conversations replay - Indonesia: Achieving a Just and Sustainable Energy Transition
This webinar is part of the conference series 'Research Conversations'.
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Simulating the Employment and Inequality Impacts of the Energy Transition in Mexico: An Input–Output Approach
This paper examines the distributive and labor market impacts of Mexico’s transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy using a multisector input–output model calibrated to the 2020 national accoun...
Powering villages in Kenya's Turkana County
Although Kenya’s electrification rate is higher than the sub-Saharan average, rural areas still lag far behind.
Just Energy Transition, Structural Inequities, and Social Mobility: The Case of Mexico
Mexico’s energy transition unfolds in a context of deep structural inequalities and persistently low social mobility. While most households have electricity, large disparities remain in affordability,...
