Development finance fragmentation and diversification: the case of China, India and Türkiye

From 2010 to 2019, the international community committed USD 1,700 billion in loans for developing countries. While multila-teral development banks continued to provide the bulk of financings (60% of the total), close to 20% came from relatively new actors, amongst which the BRICS countries – primarily China, Russia and, to a lesser extent, India – played a significant role.This paper presents different issues associated with the relative rise of three donors from the emerging world: China, India and Türkiye, looking at the circumstances which led to their emergence, their respective particularities and objectives, and their impact on the existing framework(s) used to define and measure official development assistance (ODA).